Filter underdrain system for backwash flow and method for measuring same

ABSTRACT

A filter underdrain system and a method for measuring the water flow through the underdrain filter system. The apparatus includes panel members assembled to form a perforate grid on the filter base structure of an underdrain block. The panels are generally rectangular and have an upper and lower surface. Multiple apertures are provided in the panel member. The number and/or size of the apertures are dimensioned to prevent the egress of filter media and to obtain substantially uniform backwash flow in the underdrain thereby reducing or eliminating water maldistribution.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/303,306filed Apr. 30, 1999, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,138,056 on Nov. 21,2006, and entitled FILTER UNDERDRAIN SYSTEM FOR BACKWASH FLOW AND METHODFOR MEASURING SAME.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to filter underdrain systems for granular mediafilters and, more particularly, to an apparatus intended to improvebackwash water flow to a filter bed and to a method for assisting in thedesign of such apparatus.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The traditional rapid sand filter has been a reliable performer inpotable water treatment and the mechanics of the operation andperformance of such a filter have remained largely unchanged over theyears. The filter is a straining device comprising a bottom underdraincollection system equipped with slotted strainers or the like whichholds a layer of filter sand. Above the sand layer is a layer (orlayers) of hard coal media which is coarser. A wash water trough islocated above the media layers and is used to direct unfiltered waterinto the filter as well as to channel backwash rinse water to a wasteoutlet. A backwashing cycle is required when the filter media hassubstantial head loss during operation, sometimes occurring severaltimes a day due to particle buildup in the filter. Backwashing fluidizesthe media, rinses out the particles from the interstitial voids andreclassifies the layers of media

A problem associated with backwashing is the non-uniform or uneven waterdistribution which occurs because of the momentum of the waterdischarging from the perforated header or channel. Water at highvelocity across an orifice will not be discharged through the orifice asreadily as when flowing at lower velocity. Backwash discharge from theunderdrain will be greatest in those portions of the underdrain furthestaway from the backwash water inlet. Such unequal flows cause undesirablechannelling in the media which reduces the efficiency of the backwashoperation and results in filtering problems.

A further problem with many types of filter is the requirement for asupport gravel layer immediately above the underdrain upon which thesand layer rests. This requirement results in a deeper overall bed andincreased material requirements for the filter installation. The needfor a support gravel layer also restricts the available depth for thesand and coal layers which reduces the filtration effectiveness.

The above-identified problems are discussed in various patents. Suchprior art patents include U.S. Pat. No. 3,956,134 (Sturgill) dated May1976 and entitled UNDERDRAIN FOR WATER FILTRATION SYSTEM; U.S. Pat. No.4,214,992 (Sasano et al) dated August 1978 and entitled WATER COLLECTINGAND DISTRIBUTING APPARATUS DISPOSED IN A LOWER PORTION OF HIGH SPEEDFILTER BASIN; U.S. Pat. No. 4,331,542 (Emrie) dated August 1980 andentitled UNDERDRAIN UNIT WITH AIR/WATER BACKWASH FOR GRANULAR FILTRATIONSYSTEM; U.S. Pat. No. 4,923,606 (Gresh et al) dated February 1988 andentitled PLASTIC JACKETED FILTER UNDERDRAIN BLOCK; U.S. Pat. No.4,995,990 (Weston) dated April 1989 and entitled AIR AND WATERDISTRIBUTION CONDUIT; U.S. Pat. No. 5,068,034 (Walter) dated May 1990and entitled PURIFICATION UNDERDRAIN WITH MEANS COMPENSATE FOR FLOW ANDPRESSURE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LATERALS; U.S. Pat. No. 5,160,614 (Brown)dated February 1992 and entitled AIR DUCT BLOCK FOR AIR/WATER UNDERDRAINSYSTEMS IN GRAVITY FILTERS; U.S. Pat. No. 5,149,427 (Brown et al) datedSeptember 1992 and entitled CAP FOR UNDER DRAINS IN GRAVITY FILTERS;U.S. Pat. No. 5,413,710 (Roberts et al) dated May 1995 and entitledLATERAL UNDERDRAIN; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,462,664 (Neuspiel) dated October1995 and entitled FILTER UNDERDRAIN MODULE AND UNDERDRAIN SYSTEM.

The prior art identified above suffers from other problems, suchproblems including that the devices disclosed are not readily adaptablefor retrofitting to existing filter installations; that the devices areprone to plugging with grit flushed in during the-backwash cycle and aretherefore less resistant to structural failure during the large upwardhydraulic thrust generated during backwash; that the devices areexpensive to purchase and are difficult and expensive to install, somerequiring tedious grouting procedures or cumbersome and expensive falsebottom structures; that many of the devices are constructed from tile orporous tile or the like and are therefore fragile and subject tobreakage during installation while inadequate corrosion resistance isalso present; and that some devices require support gravel layering.

Our earlier U.S. Pat. No. 5,019,259 (Hambley) dated May 28, 1991 andentitled FILTER UNDERDRAIN APPARATUS WITH PARTITIONED DISTRIBUTORCONDUITS, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference,teaches a filter underdrain apparatus which includes a steel flute orarch forming a plurality of horizontal distributor conduits. Theconduits are in juxtaposed, laterally spaced relationship and areconstructed to define alternating conduits and troughs of a filterunderdrain. This apparatus functions well with or without support graveland reduces backwash water maldistribution by varying the diameter ofthe water inlet/outlet orifices arranged along the length of the waterconduits. While this apparatus is effective in overcoming many of theproblems of the prior art, the effective diameter of each individualinlet/outlet orifice in the flute or arch needed to be calculated andattendant tool changes were required during the manufacturing process toaccommodate the variations in orifice size along the flute.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to the invention, there is provided a filter underdrainassembly for controlling backwash water flow from a backwash water inletcomprising a plurality of panel members forming a grid like underdrain,each panel member having a plurality of apertures, the cross-sectionalarea of said apertures in said panel members varying between said panelmembers, said apertures of said panel members being located further awayfrom said backwash water inlet having a lesser cross-sectional arearelative to said cross-sectional area of said apertures of said panelmembers closer to said backwash water inlet.

According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided apanel member for controlling backwash water flow from underdrain blocksof an underdrain filter assembly, said panel member having a pluralityof apertures therein of predetermined cross-sectional area to allowpassage of water therethrough, an attachment for mechanicallypositioning said panel member on said underdrain filter assembly and asealing member to provide a substantially watertight seal between saidpanel member and said underdrain filter assembly.

According to yet a further aspect of the invention, there is providedapparatus for determining backwash water flow distribution through anunderdrain assembly comprising a substantially watertight housing forremovable attachment to said underdrain assembly, a seal between thelower end of said housing and said underdrain and an indicator tomeasure the rise and fall of water within said housing responsive towater introduced to said housing from said underdrain.

According to yet a further aspect of the invention, there is provided amethod of measuring backwash water flow through a filter underdrainassembly comprising the steps of removably attaching at least onehousing to said underdrain, initiating a backwash cycle and measuringthe rate of water flow from said underdrain into said housing.

According to still yet a further aspect of the invention, there isprovided a filter underdrain apparatus for controlling backwash waterflow maldistribution from a backwash water inlet in an underdrainassembly comprising a plurality of panel elements assembled adjacenteach other to form a grid like underdrain, each panel element havingmultiple punched bridges in a surface thereof, each bridge defining apair of water inlet/outlet slotted apertures and wherein the number andsize of said punched bridges and slotted apertures respectively can bevaried from panel element to panel element, said panel elements furthestaway from said backwash water inlet having a lesser number of bridges orsmaller slotted apertures from said panel elements nearer to saidbackwash water inlet, said panel elements being operable to provide asubstantially equalised water flow through the underdrain assembly fromsaid panel elements.

According to yet a further aspect of the invention, there is provided afilter underdrain assembly for controlling backwash water flow from abackwash water inlet comprising a plurality of panel members forming agrid like underdrain, each panel member having a plurality of apertures,the number or cross-sectional area of said apertures varying betweensaid panel members, said panel members located further away from saidbackwash water inlet having a lesser number or smaller cross-sectionalarea of said apertures relative to said panel members located closer tosaid backwash water inlet, said panel members being operable tosubstantially equalize water flow from each of said panel members ofsaid filter underdrain assembly.

According to yet a further aspect of the invention, there is provided afilter underdrain panel member for controlling backwash water flow fromunderdrain blocks, said panel member having a predetermined number ofapertures therein to allow passage of water therethrough, an attachmentfor mechanically positioning said panel member on said underdrain blocksand a sealing member to provide a substantially watertight seal betweensaid panel member and said underdrain block.

According to still yet a further aspect of the invention, there isprovided a filter underdrain assembly comprising an arch extendinglongitudinally in said underdrain assembly from a water inlet generallylocated adjacent one end of said arch, said arch being positioned abovesaid underdrain assembly and allowing water from said water inlet toenter the interior of said arch, said arch having a plurality ofperforations extending the length of said arch, said plurality ofperforations having larger cross-sectional area nearer said water inlet,said plurality of perforations having smaller cross-sectional areafurther from said water inlet.

According to yet a further aspect of the invention, there is provided amethod of equalizing backwash water flow in a filter underdrain assemblyhaving a water inlet and a plurality of blocks located relatively closerand relatively further from said water inlet, said plurality of blockshaving an upper surface and a water passageway, holes extending betweensaid water passageway and said upper surface, said method comprisingblocking a predetermined number of said holes in a specific number ofsaid blocks such that the quantity of water flowing from said uppersurface of said blocks located relatively closer to said water inlet issubstantially similar to said quantity of water flowing from said blockslocated relatively further from said water inlet.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

Specific embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way ofexample only, with the use of drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is an isometric partially sectional view of a water filter tankor basin incorporating the apparatus according to the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a plan view of a panel member according to the presentinvention;

FIG. 3 is a bottom view of the panel member of FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a side view of the panel member of FIG. 2;

FIG. 5 is an end view of the panel member of FIG. 2;

FIG. 6 is an isometric view of the panel member of FIG. 2;

FIG. 7 is a sectional view taken along 7-7 of FIG. 6;

FIG. 8 is a sectional view taken along 8-8 of FIG. 6;

FIG. 9 is an isometric exploded view of a panel member according to thepresent invention particularly illustrating the relationship of thepanel member and the seals, relative to the filter underdrain block;

FIG. 10 is an isometric view of the assembled panel member andunderdrain block of FIG. 9;

FIG. 11 is an isometric view of a clamping bracket used to secureadjacent ones of the panel members of FIG. 1;

FIG. 12 is a sectional view of the panel members in a secured positionon the filter underdrain blocks and further using the assembled positionof the clamping bracket of FIG. 11;

FIG. 13 is a partial plan view of the grid structure formed by securinga plurality of panel members to the filter underdrain blocks;

FIG. 14 is an isometric view illustrating an apparatus used to measurethe hydraulic head of water according to a further aspect of theinvention;

FIG. 15 is an isometric view illustrating the apparatus of FIG. 14 inits operating condition with an inflow of backwash water;

FIGS. 16A-16E are views illustrating a panel member according to FIG. 2but further utilising an air distribution or scouring capability/conduitas used with water backwash according to a further aspect of theinvention;

FIGS. 17A and 17B and plan and side views, respectively, of a panelmember utilising air scouring according to a further aspect of theinvention;

FIG. 18A is an isometric view of a backwash water/air system includinglongitudinal flutes or arches according to the prior art;

FIG. 18B is an enlarged elevation view of the flute or arch of FIG. 18A;

FIG. 19 is an isometric view of flutes used in a backwash water systemaccording to a further development within the prior art;

FIGS. 20A-20C are diagrammatic views of a longitudinal flute or archaccording to a further aspect of the invention which arch is used fortest purposes, the figures not showing the normally used air passagewayfor ease of explanation;

FIGS. 21A, 21B and 21C are plan, side and partial bottom views,respectively, of an arch or flute with air scouring capability accordingto a further aspect of the invention;

FIG. 22 is a sectional view taken along 22-22 of FIG. 21B;

FIG. 23 is a plan view of a typical media bed illustrating the clayblocks comprising the media bed with the water orifice holes in theupper surfaces;

FIG. 24 is a plan view of a single clay block of the underdrain;

FIGS. 25A and 25B are enlarged plan and side views, respectively, of theclay block of FIG. 24;

FIG. 26 is an enlarged view particularly illustrating the plug used toblock the holes of the clay block of FIG. 24; and

FIG. 27, appearing with FIG. 24, is a sectional view of a seal intendedto be located between the clay block and the panel member which panelmember has a formed ridge or protuberance extending into the sealaccording to a further aspect of the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENT

The media bed of an underdrain acts as a filter medium for obtainingpotable water. Filtration occurs when a feedwater particle is largerthan the pores between two adjacent filtering granules therebypreventing passage of the particle through the bed. Likewise, whenfeedwater particles pass close enough to the surface of a media granule,the particle may be adsorbed onto the granule.

As the filtering action continues, more and more spaces or pores betweenfiltering granules become plugged. As the pores plug, the flow ratesthrough other pores increase to maintain the set flow rate of the bed.Particles previously adsorbed in the latter pores are then subjected tohigher flow rates which may strip off the particles. The number ofparticles exiting the filter bed may therefore actually exceed thenumber of particles entering the bed. To prevent this, a backwashingoperation is performed. To perform backwashing, filtered feedwater ispumped up through the bed by reverse flow. This fluidizes the media andrinses out the dislocated particles from the interstitial voids. Thebackwash water is discharged and the filter media are then relativelyclean thereby to allow commencement of a more efficient filteringaction.

A significant problem associated with the backwashing operation is thenon-uniform or uneven backwash water distribution which occurs becauseof the momentum of the water passing through the perforated header orchannel. Water passing individual orifices in an underdrain at arelatively high velocity will not be discharged from the orifice asreadily as when flowing at a relatively lower velocity. Hence, backwashflow through the filter underdrain will be greater in those portions ofthe underdrain farthest from the backwash water inlet. Over time thiscan cause significant disruption of the filter bed by the aforementioned“channelling” with the accompanying deterioration in filter performance.

With reference now to FIG. 1, the filter underdrain system according tothe present invention is generally illustrated at 44. It is shown withina bed 20 of filter media which includes a top layer 22 of anthracitecoal followed by a layer of sand 24. A supporting gravel layer is notillustrated below the sand layer 24 which gravel, however, mayoptionally be provided if desired.

Filters according to the prior art generally use a top layer ofanthracite 22 over a layer of sand 24 as illustrated. However, filtersmay operate without the anthracite layer 22. A layer of fine heavymaterial, such as garnet or ilmenite may also be used under the filtersand. Other filters may operate with materials such as manganesedioxide, magnesium oxide, activated carbon and the like.

The filter underdrain 44 and the bed 20 are located in a concrete, opentop tank or basin generally illustrated at 26 which is defined by bottomslab 28, side walls 30 and end walls 32. A partition 34, parallel toside wall 30, defines an overflow trough or gullet 36 for receivingbackwash water from semicylindrical metal, concrete or fiberglasstroughs 38, which troughs 38 extend transversely of the basin 26 abovebed 20 as is illustrated. The troughs 38 distribute the incoming waterand discharge the collected backwash water.

A further trough or flume 40 is provided in the bottom of the basin 26at one end thereof for receiving the backwash water. Filtered water isdischarged from flume 40 via pipe 42. Pipe 42 is also used to introducebackwash water back into the flume 40, the media and then to the trough40 and basin 26.

Referring to FIGS. 2 through 8, a filter underdrain panel according tothe present invention is generally illustrated at 44. It takes agenerally rectangular form which is defined by end walls 46, side walls48 and inner panel 50. Inner panel 50 has an upper surface 52 and alower surface 54. An elongate brace member 56 is centrally located onlower surface 54 of inner panel 50 and transverse to end walls 46. Bracemember 56 is used for rigidity purposes.

Inner panel 50 further includes a multiple of generally rectangularapertures in the form of punched bridges 58 (FIG. 4), the bridges 59being substantially equidistant from each other and arranged by row andcolumn. Each bridge 58 defines a pair of slotted water inlet/outletapertures 60 (FIG. 7) through the upper and lower surfaces 52, 54 of theinner panel 50. The slotted apertures 60 are of a dimension sufficientlysmall to substantially prevent the passage of filter media therebyallowing for the elimination of a support layer of gravel above thepanels 44 which gravel is principally used to support the sand layerresting thereon.

The end walls 46 and side walls 48 of panel member 44 also convenientlyinclude a single row of similarly punched apertures or bridges 58 toprovide for cleaning of the filter media between adjacent panel members44.

A perimeter flange 62 has a generally L-shaped configuration incross-section and extends outwardly from the end walls 46 and side walls48 as is illustrated.

A gasket retention wire 64 (FIG. 9) of generally circular cross sectionis attached to the undersurface of the horizontal portion of perimeterflange 62. A sealing gasket 68 is positioned between the underdrainblock 66 and the sealing wire 64 as will be explained.

OPERATION

The filter underdrain panels 44 are installed on the upper surface ofconventional underdrain blocks 66 with each panel 44 being dimensionedso as to form a cap for each of the underdrain blocks 66 (FIG. 9). Asubstantially watertight seal is formed between the panel 44 and theunderdrain block 66 by inserting sealing gasket 68 made from rubber orother elastomer material between the lower surface of the horizontalwall of the perimeter flange 62 of the panel 44 and the upper surface ofthe underdrain block 66. The sealing wire 64 applies point pressure onthe gasket 68 to ensure that the gasket 68 conforms to surfaceirregularities of the underdrain block 66 as well as to the undersurfaceof the horizontal wall of the perimeter flange 62.

The placement of panels 44 in the FIG. 1 embodiment follows theplacement of the underdrain blocks 66 and will result in a perforategrid like formation of panels 44 (FIGS. 12 and 13). The panels 44 aresecured to the underdrain blocks 66 by drilling a perpendicular holeinto the mortar 70 (FIG. 12) between adjacent underdrain blocks 66,inserting and cementing in place a non-expanding anchor 72 and utilizinga clamping bracket 74 fastened to the anchor 72 by a threaded nut.Clamping bracket 74 (FIG. 11) includes an elongate portion of rigidchannel material having semicircular or elliptical cutaways 76 on eitherside thereof to define four (4) pads or contact areas 78, two at eachend, and being substantially centered about hole 80. Hole 80 isdimensioned to allow insertion of the bracket 74 over the anchor 72 suchthat each of the contact areas 78 engage one corner of a perimeterflange 62 on four adjacent panels 44 while the side cutaways 76 allowclearance of the end walls 62 of panel members 44. Other methods ofattachment could clearly be used.

The dual slotted apertures 60 (FIG. 7) act as water inlets during thefiltration cycle and water outlets during the backwash cycle.Accordingly, the sizes of such apertures 60 are relevant since waterflowing at relatively high velocity past an aperture will not bedischarged through that aperture as readily as the same volume of waterflowing at a lower velocity past the same sized aperture.

Thus, the number and size of the punched bridges 58 and their slottedapertures 60 incorporated into any given panel member 44 define theratio of open space to closed space for the particular panel 44 andthereby controls the degree of water distribution into the above mediabed acceptable in the particular underdrain system from each panel 44and further prevents “jetting” of the water into the media bed. Byincreasing or decreasing the number of apertures 60 in any given panel44 or, likewise, by varying the size of the slotted apertures 60, thequantity of water passing can be varied as desired.

Alternatively, the number of apertures 60 may be varied in a specificpanel 44 in the event it is desirable to do so. It is important,however, to determine the number and/or size of the apertures in orderto allow more water to escape when water velocity is higher and to allowless water to escape when the water velocity is lower, the objectivebeing to obtain a relatively constant head of water over the length andcross section of the blocks 66 in the basin 26. A further considerationis to make such size sufficient to prevent the egress of the mediathrough the panels 44.

To measure the hydrostatic head along the various cells and, therefore,to determine the desired release of water from the panel members 44,reference is made to FIGS. 14 and 15. Each of the cells generallyillustrated at 70 comprise an elongate, generally rectangular housing 72having a closed upper end 74 and an open lower end 76, the lower end 76being dimensioned with a perimeter seal 85 of a size for a typicalfilter underdrain element 66 (FIG. 9). The height of the housing 72 issuch that since the housing 72 is intended to be attached to a filterunderdrain element 66 and operates during the filter backwash cycle, theheight should conveniently extend above the filter bed 20 (FIG. 1). Inpractice, it has been found that a housing 72 having a height of nine(9) feet is sufficient for most applications.

A float member 78 is suspended within the confines of the housing 72 andis free to rise and fall responsive to the backwash water flow 80 intothe bottom of housing 72. An elongate graduated rule 82 is attached tothe float member 78 with one end of the rule 82 extending through theclosed upper end 74 of the housing 72. The intervals between graduationson rule 82 are conveniently three (3) inches apart. Rule 82 will riseand fall with float 78.

A reference pointer 83 is attached to the upper end 74 of the housing 72adjacent the graduated rule 82 extending through the upper end 74 of thehousing 72. The pointer 83 allows determination of the rise and fall ofthe float member 78 within the housing 72.

The float member 78 and the attached rule 82 are generally centralizedwithin the housing 72 by a rod 84 mounted transverse to the sides of thehousing 72. A central ring member 79 encircles the body of the graduatedrule 82. Thus, sideways movement of the float member 78 within thehousing 72 is restricted to a preset limit. Conveniently, mounting therod 84 approximately seventy-eight (78) inches from the lower end 76 ofthe housing 72 allows sufficient lift distance for float 78.

As described in association with FIG. 1, filtered backwash water isperiodically introduced into the troughs or channels 42 running beneaththe false bottom and escapes upward into the filter bed via orifices inthe underdrain 66 to fluidize the filter bed 20 and break looseparticles trapped in the filter media. Since water flowing at arelatively high velocity across an orifice will not be dischargedthrough the orifice as readily as when flowing at a lower velocity, flowfrom the underdrain elements 66 closest to the backwash water inlet 42will tend to be less than the flow through those underdrain elementsfarthest from the inlet 42 thereby resulting in a difference in head andflow maldistribution. The cell 70 allows quantification of the extent offlow maldistribution by measuring the float movement thus allowing forappropriate corrective action such as increasing or decreasing thenumber and/or size of the perforations or apertures 60 (FIG. 7) inpanels 44.

A plurality of housings 72, each being utilized to acquire a measurementof the rate of flow backwash water through an individual underdrainelement 66, will provide head information across the underdrain system.Each of the individual elements or clay blocks of the underdrain systemneed not be tested. Rather, disparate test points are convenientlychosen. Thus, measurements are first made along a row of underdrainblocks nearest the backwash water inlet 42 followed by samplemeasurements in an area of blocks further from the backwash inlet 42.Conveniently, this general procedure may be repeated in columnar fashionin order to provide a more complete hydraulic water flow modelrepresentative of the existing backwash flow from the underdrain.

The lower end 76 of the housing 72 of each cell 70 is removably attachedto the upper surface of a respective underdrain element 66 and asubstantially watertight seal is provided. A reference level isestablished across each cell 70 by float 78 and the backwash cycle iscommenced. As backwash water enters each cell 70 from underdrain element66, the float 78 rises. The rate of rise of float 78 and thus the rateof flow of backwash water into each cell 70 is determined by recordingthe rise over a predetermined period as rule 82 moves upwardly throughthe upper end 74 of the housing 72 and past the reference pointer 83.

Enough measurements are recorded to build a representative hydraulicmodel of backwash flow distribution. Thereafter, corrective action istaken to reduce any maldistribution in the backwash flow by selectivelyrestricting flow through certain of the underdrain panels 44 whichresults in increased flow through the remaining elements. The testingprocedures may be repeated following panel installation to confirm thatthe corrective modifications have resulted in substantially uniform flowdistribution across the underdrain system.

A further embodiment of the invention relates to the V-shaped archesillustrated in our U.S. Pat. No. 5,019,259 and also illustrated in FIGS.18A and 18B. In the prior art embodiment shown in those figures, thereis disclosed a plurality of arches 101 joined together with brackets 102and positioned over the underdrain filter media comprising clay blocks105. The arches 101 have an air passageway 103 in addition to the waterpassageway 104 which allows air scouring to occur during the backwashoperation. Air scouring can improve the removal of impurities in thefilter media.

One problem with the arches illustrated in FIGS. 18A and 18B, however,was that media retention by the arches 101 suffered; that is, the mediacould frequently pass through the air and water openings 110, 111 in thearches 101 so that, over time, the media would become reduced to such anextent that media replacement was necessary. A further problem relatedto the need for multiple tool changes in producing the air and waterholes 110, 11 in the arches 101 throughout the length of each individualarch 101.

To prevent the egress of media and to assist with reducing the number oftool changes, plates or panels 112 were attached to the arches 101illustrated in FIG. 19 on each side of the upwardly directed portionsmeeting at the apex. Each of the plates 112 had a series of rectangularperforations or apertures 113 punched therein which totalcross-sectional area would relate to the area of the water openings 111in the arches 101. The water openings 111 remained in the arches 101 buttheir cross-sectional area was constant throughout the length of arch101 which assisted the manufacturing process. The openings in the plates112 were varied thereby to prevent media egress and also to adjust waterrelease to obtain a constant discharge flow rate throughout the lengthof the arches 101. The number of apertures 111 in the plates 112 waslikewise varied so as to allow fewer apertures further from the waterinlet. In this case, the apertures 111 were all the same size.

While the plate attachment process described overcame the problems ofmedia egress and tool changes, however, there were unnecessarymanufacturing steps still present and the panels 112 were relativelyexpensive to produce and install due to their configuration.

Reference is now made to FIGS. 20A-20C wherein a typical arch 200 isshown. This particular arch 200 is a test arch used to determine properreplacement for arch 101 of FIGS. 18 and 19 as will be explainedhereinafter but the comments made concerning arch placement and positionalso apply to arches normally used in actual operations. The length ofarch 200 may vary according to the size of the filter and a plurality ofsuch arches are laid side by side to cover the width of the filter. Arch200 conveniently includes the air passageway found beneficial for airscouring. However, rather than the plurality of water holes 110, 111 ofFIG. 18B, there are a plurality of rectangular openings 202 provided ofidentical size which are positioned intermittently along the entirelength of the arches 200. As well, attachment holes 203 are providedwhich are used to attach plates 204, shown in greater detail in FIG.20C.

This embodiment allows media retention thereby preventing the migrationof media through the previous holes in the arches 101. As well, theindividual plates 204 which are readily connected to the arches 200 maybe individually designed with greater or lesser cross-sectional area inthe perforations or apertures punched therein and which plates 204 maylikewise be provided with a greater or lesser number of apertures 202which may be of the same size. Thus, the amount of water exiting theplates 204 and used for backwash can be designed to be relativelyconsistent along the entire length of arch 200 by specifically providingplates 204 with predetermined cross-sectional openings which plates 204are then positioned on the arch 200 where desired.

Specifically, the plates will ordinarily be designed with greatercross-sectional area by way of increased number of apertures 202 nearthe entranceway of the water to the arch 200 and with a decreased numberof apertures 202 near the end of the arch 200 downstream from theentranceway. Once the desired water discharge is obtained, arches asgenerally illustrated at 500 in FIGS. 21A and 21B are produced. Arches500 have a plurality of apertures 501 punched directly into the arches500, which apertures 501 are conveniently horizontal and in double rowsas is illustrated, although vertical apertures could also be used aswell as apertures of virtually any orientation. The individual apertures501 will be the same size but the number of such apertures 501 willtypically vary, there being an increased number of apertures 501 nearthe water inlet 503 (FIG. 21C) and a reduced number of apertures 502 atthe far end of the arches 500 as is illustrated.

The arches 500 are easier to manufacture, with the previously existingholes of variable diameter along the length being replaced with openingsof consistent size but varying in number. The number of aperturesselected may follow head measurement as previously described inassociation with FIGS. 14 and 15 or by using the removable plates 204 ofFIGS. 20A-20C.

Yet a further embodiment of the invention relates to the addition of airpassageways in the panel members 44 (FIG. 9) as illustrated in FIGS.16A-16D and 17A-17B. Since air scouring has been found useful toincrease the efficiency of the backwash operation, an air passageway isprovided in panel member 300 in the form of an inverted hat section 301(FIG. 16B) into which air is introduced. In a first configuration,openings 302 are provided in the hat section 301 to release theintroduced air under pressure sidewise beneath panel 300. In a secondconfiguration as illustrated in FIGS. 16D and 16E, air openings 303 areprovided in the panel member 300 itself directly above the hat section301 such that the air passing through the hat section 301 exits thesection 301 upwardly from the panel where scouring takes place. Thislatter configuration has the advantage in that the punching operationsare carried out on only one member, namely panel 300, so productioncosts are reduced.

A further embodiment of the invention is illustrated in FIGS. 17A-17B.In this embodiment, the panel members 400 are significantly larger thanthe panel members 44 (FIG. 2). These panel members 400 cover a greateramount of the underdrain 66 since several filter underdrain elements orclay blocks 66 may-be covered by the panel 400. A greater amount ofwater therefore passes upwardly through the panel-member 400 and toallow for the increase in air scouring necessitated by the increase inwater flow, three(3) inverted hat sections 401, 402 are used, the twoside sections 402 being located equidistant from the center section 401.Otherwise, the operation is identical to the operation of the embodimentof FIGS. 16D and 16E; that is, air is introduced into each of the hatsections 401, 402 and escapes from openings 403 in the panel 400directly above each inverted hat section 401, 402.

Although the panels 44, 300, 400 of the present invention areillustrated as being positioned as caps on conventional filterunderdrain blocks 66, the panels will function effectively in thecontrol of backwash flow maldistribution without the underdrain blocks66 and will provide effective backwash water distribution control in anysituation wherein the elements can be mechanically fastened and suitablysealed to an appropriate substructure. Likewise, while the panels 44,300, 400 are illustrated in generally rectilinear form, the number andsize of the perforations and apertures may be provided in panels ofdifferent configuration such as semicircular or triangular panels.

In yet a further embodiment of the invention, reference is made to FIGS.23 through 26. In this embodiment, panel members which have beenpreviously described have apertures that are all the same size andnumber may be positioned over the clay underdrain blocks 600 as viewedin FIG. 23. In order to allow for the correct water flow from theunderdrain blocks 600, the holes 601 (FIG. 24) are selectively pluggedusing the nylon plug or insert 602 with a screw 603 which acts to expandthe plug or insert 602 when it is inserted. With reference to FIG. 25A,two holes 604 have been plugged and the remaining holes 610 remain openand not plugged. Thus, the water flow from the block 600 is reduced apredetermined amount. Likewise, other underdrain blocks 600 may have agreater or lesser number of holes plugged, the objective being to havewater outflow from the underdrain blocks 600 substantially constant overthe entire underdrain are with its concomitant advantages. Thereafter,panel members which may all contain the same number and size ofapertures can be used over the underdrain to prevent media egress and toallow air scouring if desired.

Reference is made to FIG. 27 in which a seal 700 is located between thepanel member 701 and the underdrain block (not shown). The panel member701 is manufactured with a rise or ridge 702 in its circumferential area703. The ridge 702 applies pressure on one side of the seal 700 whichassists in the retention of the seal 700 and which also assists thesealing action between the seal 700 and the underdrain block.

While the method of measuring hydraulic head on the underdrain systemdescribed herein uses a rule and an indicator, it should be understoodthat this elementary and basic measurement technique serves to bestexplain the technique. It is clearly contemplated that a moresophisticated measurement technique could be used, such technique usingelectrical analog or digital signals and such measurements beingrecorded through an appropriate computer interface or other recordingmedium. Likewise, a float need not be used. Rather, a stationaryresistance measuring strip, for example, could be positioned within themeasuring cell, thereby sensing the depth of water over time andtransmitting such information to a receiving station located on orremotely from the transmitter. Other sensing devices are clearly usableif desired.

While the term “filter underdrain” is commonly used, the invention isnot restricted to filters. Various types of water/waste and processequipment utilise improved backwash distribution which do not usefilters. Examples of such equipment include up flow or down flow contactclarifiers, activated carbon contactors, ion exchange units, ironremoval units, including those of the greensand/catalyzed sand type,catalyst bed contactors, including desilicizers; and neutralizing mediacontactors. Thus, it is intended that the term “filter underdrain” beused and understood to encompass units other than filters.

Further, in some process equipment vessels such as upflow mode filtersand contact clarifiers, the underdrain serves a different function thanin downflow, that is, it serves to distribute incoming service flow aswell as backwash. Backwash in filter is a periodic reverse flow offiltered water through the media to flush out trapped impurities. Theterm is used in ion exchange and carbon contactors as well, but infilters, dirt is flushed from the bed by backwash. In ion exchange,carbon contactors and the like, water is typically filtered in advanceso backwash serves to loosen and then resettle the bed to eliminatepacking and flow channelling so that contact is improved and shortcircuiting averted in carbon contactor units. In ion exchangers abackwash is required to wash any dirt from the bed, but more to loosenand then resettle the bed so that regenerant contact is maximized andregenerant short circuiting avoided.

While the apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 illustrates a common backwashfilter system, the panels according to the present invention areadaptable to other configurations, such configurations including atransversely extending trough or flume or embedded pipe across thecenter width with filter outflow and backwash inlet at the side; atrough or flume or embedded pipe running the length of the filter downthe center line, or along one side, or externally down one side; andcircular filters with cross diameter inlet/outlet flume or trough orembedded pipe with the underdrain of the present invention runningtransversely to such trough or flume.

A variety of materials may conveniently be used to fabricate the filterunderdrain panels 44. Painted or galvanized steel, aluminum, fiberglass,various types of plastics and fiber reinforced plastics, concrete areexamples. The preferred material, however, is 304 or other gradestainless steel because of the strength and high corrosion resistanceproperties of this material.

While the invention has been disclosed by way of various specificexamples, such embodiments are illustrative of the invention only andshould not be taken as limiting its scope. Many modifications willreadily occur to those skilled in the art to which the invention relatesand it should be limited only by reference to the accompanying claims.

We claim:
 1. Method of measuring backwash water flow through a filterunderdrain assembly comprising the steps of removably attaching a firsthousing to said underdrain at a first location nearer to a water inletfor said underdrain, initiating a backwash cycle and measuring the rateof water flow from said underdrain into said first housing, removablyattaching a second housing to said underdrain at a second locationfurther from said water inlet for said underdrain, initiating a backwashwater flow and measuring the rate of backwash water flow through saidunderdrain into said second housing, and adjusting the water flow intosaid first and second housings from said underdrain to more evenlybalance said water flow into said first and second housings.
 2. Methodas in claim 1 wherein said rate of water flow into said housings ismeasured by the rise of water within said housings.
 3. Method as inclaim 2 wherein said rise of water is measured by a float.